protein synthesis

Protein synthesis:

A gene is a section of dna that carries the triplicate code for one protein or polypeptide chain. Each set of three nucleotides code for one amino acid (the 21 most common):

glycine-- "sweet" for it's taste
alanine-- unknown root, if any
valine-- related to the compound valeric acid
leucine-- "white" for the color of the crystals from which it was first isolated
isoleucine-- an isomer of leucine (an isomer is a molecule which consists of the same atoms, but in another arrangement)
proline-- a shortened version of "pyrrolidine", the name given to the atom arrangement of the acid's side-chain
phenylalanine-- an alanine to which an atom arrangement called the phenyl group is added
tyrosine-- "cheese" from which it was first isolated
tryptophan-- "trysin-appearing" for it's original appearance in fragments of a protein that had been broken up by the enzyme trypsin
serine-- "silk" from which it was first isolated
threonine-- for it's chemical structure's relation to a sugar, throse
asparagine-- in which it was first discovered
aspartic acid-- for it's similarity to asparagine
glutamine-- first found in wheat gluten
glutamic acid-- for it's similarity to glutamine
lysine-- "a breaking up" fist discovered in a protein broken up into it's subgroups
histidine-- "tissue" from the proteins which it was first isolated
arginine-- "silver" with which it was fist isolated
methionine-- the side chain contains the methyl group attached to a sulfur atom
cystine-- "bladder" for the bladderstone from which it was first isolated
cysteine-- for it's similarity to cystine

A single gene is estimated to have between three hundred and three thousand base pairs

The dna cannot leave the cell, and therefor requires a messenger to take it's information to the ribosome, which produce the proteins. The decoder and messenger functions are carried out by ribonucleic acid (rna). In rna, the base thymin is replaced by a uracil. There are three kinds of rna: transfer rna, ribosomal rna, and messenger rna. The transfer rna are the small, clover-leak-shaped molecules. The ribosomal rna helps form the ribosomes. Messenger rna is the long, single strand wich carries the instructions from the dna, out of the nucleus, to the ribosomes

During transcription, the information contained in the dna is transferred into the complimentary base sequence of messenger rna. Only dna and messenger rna are involved in transcription. Where the code in the dna is in triplicate, or simply triplet, the corresponding codes in the messenger rna are called codons
The second part of protein synthesis is translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm, using all three types of rna. Once the messenger rna attaches to the ribosome, transfer rna makes it's entrance, to transfer the amino acid to the ribosome where they are bound together by enzymes in the exact sequence specified by the dna segment, the gene. For each of the amino acids, there is a transfer rna bearing the anticodon on the "head". Once the fist transfer rna is in place, the ribosome begins to move along the messenger rna, bringing the next codon into position to be read by the correct transfer rna. When the last codon is read, the protein is released